James’ concern. He is deeply troubled by an attitude towards ‘faith’ that sees it mainly as a verbal profession—such as the confession that ‘God is one’ (v. 19). This is a faith that is ‘apart from’ works (vv. 20, 26), and James views this faith as ‘dead’ (vv. 17, 26), ‘barren’ (v. 20); it does not have the power to save (v. 14) or to justify (v. 24). James assumes the necessity of faith. He claims to have faith (v. 18). But the faith he has, ‘real faith’, ‘has works’ (vv. 14, 17), is ‘completed
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